留学英国必备人文小知识

　　I. Health and Social Services

　　全国医疗保健

　　1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state.Thissystem is funded out of national insurancecontributions and taxation. InBritain the term appliesmainly to the National Health Service (NHS), nationalinsurance and social security.

　　英国被认为是福利制度的国家。此制度的所需资金来源于全国保险税和赋税。在英国，这主要是指国民保健制度，国民保险和社会保障制度。

　　2. The National Health Service provides forevery resident, regardless of income,a full range of medical services. Theservice was established in the U.K. in 1948.Over 82 per cent of the cost of thehealth service in Great Britain id funded out ofgeneral taxation. The rest ismet from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurancecontributions; (2) chargestowards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribedby family doctors,and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including landsales and theproceeds of income generation schemes.

　　不管个人收入如何，国民保健制度为每个居民提供全面医疗服务。英国于1948年确立此制度。英国国民保健制度82%以下的费用来自普通税收，其他部分来自（1）国民保险金中的国民保险金部分；（2）象对家庭一生开的药单和普通牙科治疗所收的费用；（3）其他收入，包括出售土地和增收计划的收益。

　　3. There are proportional charges for mosttypes of HNS dental treatment,including examinations. Sight test are free tochildren. No one is liable to be chargedby the National Health Service fortreatment in an accident, emergency or for aninfectious disease. Centralgovernment is directly responsible for the NHS, which isadministered by a rangeof local health authorities and health boards throughout theU.

　　国民保健制度中多数牙科治疗都要收取一定比例的费用，包括检查费。视力检查对儿童免费。国民保健制度对事故，急诊或传染病的治疗不收费，中央政府直接负责国民保健制度，由全国各地的保健机构和卫生委员会实施。

　　4. The family health services are thosegiven to patients by doctors, dentists,opticians and pharmacists. In order toobtain the benefits of the NHS a person mustnormally be registered on the listof a general practitioner (GP, sometimes knows asa “family doctor”).

　　家庭保健服务由医生、牙医、眼科大夫和药剂师提供给病人。为获得国民保健制度的服务，人们必须在普通开业医生的名册上注册。

　　5. A full range of hospital services isprovided by district general hospital. Thereare also specialist hospital orunits for children, people suffering from mental illness,those with learningdisabilities, and elderly people, and for the treatment of specificdiseases.

　　地区普通医院提供全面的医院服务。也有为儿童，精神病人，有学习障碍者，老人和特殊病人开设的专门医院或病区。

　　6. The National Health Service is thelargest single employer of labour in the U.K.NHS has suffered from underfundingin recent decades, as a result of which manybetter-off people have been turningto private medical health care.

　　国民保健制度是英国最大的用人机构。近几十年来，因为资金不足，许多比较富裕的人正逐渐转向私人的医疗保健机构。

　　7. Personal social services in Britainassist elderly people, disabled people, peoplewith learning disabilities ormental illness, children, and families facing specialproblems. These statutoryservice are provided by local government social servicesauthorities.

　　在英国，个人社会服务向老人，残疾人，有学习障碍者，精神病人，有特殊家庭困难的人等。地方政府社会服务委员会提供法定援助。

　　II. social Security

　　社会保险

　　1. The social security system is designedto secure a basic standard of living forpeople in financial need. Nearly athird of government expenditure is devoted to thesocial security programmewhich provides financial help for people who are elderly,sick, disabled,unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes.

　　社会保险制度设立的目的是保障经济困难的人们的基本生活水平，政府开支的近三分之一用于社会保险计划。此计划给老人，病人，残疾人，失业者，寡妇，抚育幼儿者或低收入者提供经济帮助。

　　2. Administration in Great Britain ishandled by separate executive agencies ofthe Department of Social Security. InNorthern Ireland by the Social Security Agency.

　　大不列颠的社会保险由社会保险部独立执行机构管理，在北爱尔兰则是社会保险局。

　　3. contributory social security benefits,it include:( 1) retirement pension; (2)unemployment pension; (3) sickness andinvalidity benefit and (4) Maternityallowance and widows‘s benefits.

　　需要先交费的社会安全福利（个人有工作收入时交，无收入时领），其中包括：退休金，失业金，病残福利金，孕产期补助金，寡妇补助金。

　　4. non-contributory social securitybenefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2)industrial injuries disablementbenefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family credit.

　　不需要先交费的福利金，包括战争伤亡抚恤金，工伤致残救济金，儿童补助金，低收入家庭补助金。

　　III. Religion

　　宗教

　　1. Everyone in Britain has the right toreligious freedom with out interferencefrom the community or the State. He maychange his religion at will may manifesthis faith in teaching, worship andobservance. Except that the Lord Chancellor maybe a Roman Catholic, publicoffices are open without distinction to members of allchurches or none.

　　在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。他可以随意改变宗教信仰，可以在教职，礼拜或仪式中表明他的信仰。除了英国大法官可以是罗马天主教徒外，公共职务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人一律公开。

　　2. Established churches

　　国教

　　There are two established church inBritain: in England the church of England and Scotland the Church of Scotland.

　　英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）。

　　3. Church of England is uniquely related tothe Crown in that the Sovereign mustbe a member of that Church and as“Defender of the Faith”. The Church is alsolinked with the Statethrough the House of loads. The church of England is not freeto change its formof worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer withoutthe consent ofParliament.

　　英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为“国教的捍卫者”必须是此教会的一员，他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。国教还通过上议院与政府联系。没有议会同意，英格兰教会不可随意改变“国教祈祷书”中规定的礼拜仪式。

　　4. The government of the Church of Scotlandis Presbyterian, that is,government by ministers and elders, all of whom areordained to office. TheMonarch is normally represented at the general assemblyby the Lord HighCommissioner.

　　苏格兰教的管理是长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。他们被授予圣职，王室高级代表通常代表君主光临会议。

　　5. Unestablished churches

　　非国教教会

　　There are include: the Anglican Churches，the FreeChurches，the Roman Catholic Church.

　　主要有圣公会，自由教，罗马天主教。

　　IV. Festival and Public Holidays

　　节假日

　　The Christian festival of the year andChristmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.

　　其主要的节日有圣诞节，复活节，圣灵降临节。